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24.BINDINGPROCESSByx0combiningx0thex0availablex0materialsx0withx0ax0smallx0percentagex0ofx0binderx0physicalx0andx0mechanicalx0propertiesx0ofx0thex0layerx0canx0bex0improved.x0Thex0binderx0mayx0actx0asx0ax0gluex0orx0itx0mayx0simplyx0modifythepavementlayerpropertiestoalloweasieraccessbyconstructionx0trafc.x0x0Inx0pavementx0constructionx0wherex0heavyx0dutyx0performancex0isx0requiredx0orx0wherex0pavementx0materialsx0basex0andx0subx0basex0requirex0improvementx0thesex0canx0bex0eitherx0modiedx0andorx0stabilisedx0dependingx0onx0thex0needsx0ofx0thex0pavementx0design.x0Thex0requirementx0forx0modicationx0orx0stabilisationx0isx0basedx0onx0thex0speciedx0materialx0stiffness.x0x0Thex0materialx0bindingx0processx0utilisesx0specialisedx0machineryx0thatx0mixesx0thex0binderx0evenlyx0throughx0thex0pavementx0material.x0Machinesx0suchx0asx0thatx0shownx0inx0Figurex02x0arex0commonlyx0usedx0forx0pavementx0stabilisation.x0Machinesx0usedx0arex0capablex0ofx0mixingx0upx0to450mmdepthinpavement.Thex0bindingx0agentsx0usedx0canx0varyx0signicantlyx0inx0typex0andx0performance.x0Triallingx0isx0consideredx0essentialx0tox0conrmx0thex0likelyx0propertiesx0ofx0thex0pavementx0materialsx0andx0stabilisingx0agents.x0Commonlyx0usedx0stabilisingx0materialsx0includex0cementx0FAx0slagx0andx0lime.x0Apartx0fromx0cementx0suchx0materialsx0relyx0onx0ax0pozzolanicx0reactionx0forx0theirx0bindingx0properties.x0Bothx0FAx0andx0slagx0reactwithfreelimetoformcementitiouscompoundsthatareformsofcalciumsilicatehydrates.Therearealsootherproductssuchaspolymerswhichcanbeusedasbinders.AustroadsGuidetox0Pavementx0Technologyx0x13x0Partx04Lx0x13x0Stabilisingx0Bindersx02009x0providesdetailedinformationonavailablebindertypes.5.MECHANICALMODIFIEDORSTABILISEDBINDING5.1SELECTIONOFBINDERSDependingx0onx0thex0naturex0ofx0thex0hostx0roadx0basex0materialx0ax0combinationx0ofx0stabilisingx0agentsx0mayx0bex0usedx0includingx0cementx0slagx0FAx0orx0lime.x0Inx0somex0casesx0ax0triplex0blendx0mayx0bex0appliedx0tox0producex0ax0slowx0settingx0binderx0thatx0gainsx0stiffnessx0andx0strengthx0overx0ax0longerx0timex0frame.x0Throughx0testingx0andx0triallingx0combinationsofbindermaterialsaredevelopedandthenspecied.Thisx0improvementx0inx0thex0x0strengthx0andx0stiffnessx0asx0ax0resultx0ofx0stabilisationalsoresultsinasubsequentreductioninpavementpermeability.Inx0additionx0therex0arex0ax0numberx0ofx0constructionx0advantagesx0resultingx0fromx0increasedx0stiffnessx0withx0ax0thinnerx0pavementx0requiredx0andx0thex0abilityx0tox0compactx0thickerx0layersx0followingx0placement.x0Thisx0reducesx0constructionx0timex0throughx0ax0reductionx0inx0thex0numberx0ofx0layersx0requiringx0placementx0andx0compaction.x0x0Inx0designx0excessivex0strengthx0developmentx0isx0tox0bex0x0avoided.x0Highx0strengthx0gainx0canx0resultx0inx0ax0lossx0ofx0pavementx0exibilityx0andx0leadsx0tox0crackingx0inx0responsex0tox0appliedx0stress.x0x0Thex0differencesx0betweenx0Granularx0Mechanicalx0Modiedx0andx0Boundx0materialsx0areillustratedinTable1.5.2CCPSANDBINDERSEitherx0FAx0asx0denedx0inx0ASx03582.13x0orx0ROSx0ashx0thatx0hasx0propertiesx0outsidethosenotedinthatstandardcanbeusedwithlimeorcementx0forx0thex0modicationx0ofx0roadx0basex0materials.x0Generalx0Purposex0GPx0cementx0onx0itsx0ownx0canx0bex0usedx0asx0ax0binderx0butx0requiresx0carex0withx0thex0limitedx0workingx0timex0tox0ensurex0compactionx0andx0ridex0qualityx0arex0achievedx0priorx0tox0initialx0setting.x0FAandlimehavemuchslowerreactionratesandresultinaslowerx0strengthx0developmentx0andx0morex0appropriatex0materialx0workingx0times.x0x0Chapmanx0andx0Youdale5x0evaluatedx0FBAx0basedx0pavementsx0inx01982.x0x0Thex0residualx0strengthx0ofx0thex0materialx0wasx0foundx0tox0bex0strongerx0thanx0thatx0ofx0conventionalx0basex0coursex0materialx0thatx0wasx0re-compactedx0upx0tox0sixx0daysx0afterx0placement.55.3LIMESTABILISATIONLimex0stabilisationx0orx0modicationx0isx0usedx0inx0roadx0constructionx0tox0improvex0thex0qualityx0ofx0existingx0materialx0withinx0thex0constructionx0project.x0Limex0isx0anx0effectivex0additivex0forx0plasticx0soilsx0improvingx0bothx0workabilityx0andx0strength.4Limestabilisationcanbeusedtox0Modifyx0marginalx0materialx0tox0bringx0itx0withinx0specicationx0orx0forx0performancerequirementsx0Increasex0strengthx0asx0anx0alternativex0tox0cementitiousx0stabilisationx0Enhancevolumetricstabilityforvariouslayersofselectmaterialx0Improvesurfacestabilityofunsealedroads5.4CEMENTITIOUSSTABILISATIONWhenx0stabilisingx0withx0cementx0thex0workingx0timex0ofx0thex0resultantx0materialx0canx0bex0critical.x0Thex0timex0availablex0tox0deliverx0incorporatex0andcompactapavementlayerneedstobewellunderstoodbeforex0projectx0commencement.x0x0Withx0cementx0asx0thex0onlyx0binderx0thex0timex0forx0performingx0placementx0andx0compactionx0processesx0islimitedtoapproximatelytwohoursfromtheincorporationofthecementintothemoistenedpavementmaterial.Noreworktimex0isx0normallyx0providedx0for.x0Thisx0canx0createx0ax0veryx0demandingx0schedulex0withx0littlex0opportunityx0forx0errorx0managementx0onx0site.x0x0Cementx0asx0thex0onlyx0binderx0isx0notx0oftenx0usedx0duex0tox0thesex0workingx0timex0restrictions.x0x0Inx0additionx0higherx0shrinkagex0ratesx0canx0resultx0inx0anx0increasedx0crackingx0tendency.x0Additionx0ofx0FAx0tox0thex0binderx0extendsx0thex0workingx0lifex0ofx0thex0stabilisedx0materialx0allowsx0morex0timex0placementx0inx0compactionx0ofx0thex0materialx0andx0mitigatesx0risksx0typicallyx0associatedx0withx0ax0singlex0cementx0binder.Fig.2ExampleofaDeepLiftStabilise7