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ADAAAPRIL1303Theeco-industrialparkEIPhasnodenitionyethundredsofthesealmostenigma-likesustainableindustryprecinctshavebeensetuparoundtheworldwithsomestrivingandothersfailing.ThethreemaincharacteristicsofEIPsare1.Co-locationorclusteredproximitybetweencompanies2.Sharedby-productswhichareusedtoreplacevirginmaterialsorfeedstocks3.CleanproductionKalundborgsituatedonthecoastofDenmarkhasbeeninoperationforover40yearsandisknownastherstlarge-scaleEIPtoexistworldwide.Itsinceptionwasnotmadethroughthewheelinganddealingofgovernmentorbusinessleadersrathertheparkcameintoexistencethroughagradualsymbioticprocess.Businessessoughttocreatetheirownlinkswiththeirneighbourswheretheyforesawanincreaseinprotsandareductionincostswhilstalsomeetingsustainabilityinitiatives.Kalundborgiscenteredaroundthecoal-redAsneasPowerStationwhichisthelargestpowerstationinDenmarktheStatoiloperatedoil-reneryapharmaceuticalscompanyandplasterboardmanufacturerGyproc.ThesustainableprocessesenactedbytheEIPincludesAsneasPowerStationhasreducedtheuseofoil-redresidentialfurnacesby3500unitsbydirectlydistributingheatviaundergroundpipeswhicharepaidforbyresidentsinreturnforcheapheating.HeatisalsousedintheAsneasshfarmremovingcostsforwarmingthewater.Thesludgefromtheshfarmisthensoldtolocalfarmersforuseasfertilizer.AdditionallyStatoilsoilreneryreceives40ofitsprocesssteamandpharmaceuticalscompanyNovoNordiskreceivesallprocesssteamrequiredforcompanyoperationwiththetwo-milelongpipelinepayingforitselfwithin2yearsofoperation.Steamusagebyneighbouringstakeholdershastherebyreducedthermalpollutiononnearbyfjordasanaddedenvironmentalbenet.PlasterboardmanufacturerGyprocreceivestwo-thirdsofitsgypsumrequirementsfromAsneasaftertheinstallationofa115millionsulfurdioxidescrubber.Gypsumistheprimaryfeedstockintheproductionofwallboardwiththeremainingrequirementssuppliedbyotherpowerstations.Flyashandclinkeraresoldforroadbuildingandcementproductionwhichreducesthe200000tonneslandllburden.ThereforethroughtheuseofmutuallybenecialexchangerelationshipsbusinesseswithintheKalundborgEIPaswellasthegreatercommunityandenvironmenthavefoundbenetfromthesimplere-routingofby-productsthatwereformerlyconsideredaswastesofprocesses.Itisalsoimportanttonotethatthesekindsofrelationshipswouldprobablynotexistwithouttheincentiveofsatisfyingenvironmentregulatorsandthesubsequentrecoupmentofsomecost.ThereareanumberofchallengesfacedbyEIPs.FirstlythetypeofsymbiosisthatisseeninKalundborgisdifculttoreplicatebecauseitrequirestwoormorecompaniesthatbothproduceanduseacontinuousstreamofby-product.Otherproblemsincludethelargeinfrastructuredemandsapotentiallackoffundingheavy-handedregulationspoliticaldifcultyandstakeholderandcommunityparticipation.OnefactorinthisproblematiccontextthatdoesseektoaidthecontinuedexistenceofEIPsinDenmarkistheopenexibleandconsultativelegislativeframeworkusedbytheDanishgovernmenttodeterminetheirenvironmentalregulations.Howeverwhilstthisexibilityallowsstakeholderstohavemoreinputintothetypesofsystemstheyimplementtonavigatearoundtheseregulationsthismayalsoinsomecasescreatethepotentialforlowertechnicalcompliancewithdifcultyinmaintainingaminimallevelofpollutioncontrol.ThereinliestheconundrumhowevertheuseofsustainablepracticesatKalundborgisdenitelyastepintherightdirection.PleaseseeJohnEhreneldandNicholasGertlerIndustrialEcologyinPracticeTheEvolutionofInterdependenceatKalundborgJournalofIndustrialEcology1997MassachusettsUSAformoreinformation.TheEco-industrialParkParadigmFigure1TheindustrialecosystematKalundborgDenmarkKemiraAcidPlantJutlandSulphurSteamSteamCoolingWasteUtilityWaterFuelGasWasteHeatWasteHeatScrubberSludgeWasteHeatFlyAshFreshWaterTreatedSludgeforFertilizerGreenhousesDiscontinuedGyprocWallboardPlantDistrictHeatingFishFarmsCementRoadAggregateStatoilReneryNovoNordiskPharmaceuticalPlantAsnacsPowerStationCoal-redLakeTissoNeighboringfarms